Palabras clave
Franquismo
historia global
historia comparada
comunismo
Europa del Este.
Resumen
Este artículo aborda una mirada histórica global y comparada del franquismo partiendo de la frase de Marc Bloch según la cual los individuos se parecen más a su tiempo que a sus padres. Si la tomamos como verdadera, tras 1945 la comparación del franquismo con los fascismos clásicos carece de sentido, pues estos, sus padres, dejaron de existir y, por tanto, no sabemos cómo se hubieran adaptado al tiempo nuevo. El artículo propone que desde los cincuenta en adelante es más útil la comparación del franquismo con los regímenes autoritarios de Europa del Este. Por otro lado, la historia global ayuda a entender el franquismo no cómo un régimen aislado, sino con trasvases de todo tipo con diferentes estados y entidades políticas. Tanto la comparación con el Este como la perspectiva global muestran un franquismo adaptado a su tiempo. Sin embargo, el artículo cuestiona algunos usos entusiastas e irreflexivos de la historia global: al mostrar que el franquismo estuvo integrado en las corrientes globales de su tiempo, corremos el riesgo de olvidar las características propias que mantuvo y, en su lugar, pensar en una evolución natural del régimen hacia la democracia. En este sentido, apelar al tiempo olvidando la persistencia tozuda de los padres —la matriz fascista— desdibuja la historia del franquismo y devuelve una interpretación complaciente de la evolución del régimen.
Keywords
Francoism; global history; comparative history; communist; Eastern Europe.
Abstract
This article offers a global and comparative historical perspective on Francoism, taking as its starting point Marc Bloch’s famous assertion that individuals resemble their time more than their parents. If we take this idea seriously, then comparing Francoism with the classical fascisms after 1945 loses its meaning, since those «parents» ceased to exist and we cannot know how they would have adapted
to the new time. The article proposes that, from the 1950s onward, it is more useful to compare Francoism with the authoritarian regimes of Eastern Europe. At the same time, global history helps us understand Francoism not as an isolated regime but as one shaped by exchanges of many kinds with different states and political actors. Both the comparison with the East and the global perspective reveal a Francoism adapted to its time. However, the article questions certain enthusiastic and uncritical uses of global history: by emphasizing that Francoism was integrated into the global currents of its time, we risk overlooking the enduring features it maintained and instead imagining a natural evolution of the regime toward democracy. In this sense, appealing to time while forgetting the stubborn persistence of the parents —its fascist matrix— blurs the history of Francoism and ultimately yields an overly complacent interpretation of the regime’s development.
to the new time. The article proposes that, from the 1950s onward, it is more useful to compare Francoism with the authoritarian regimes of Eastern Europe. At the same time, global history helps us understand Francoism not as an isolated regime but as one shaped by exchanges of many kinds with different states and political actors. Both the comparison with the East and the global perspective reveal a Francoism adapted to its time. However, the article questions certain enthusiastic and uncritical uses of global history: by emphasizing that Francoism was integrated into the global currents of its time, we risk overlooking the enduring features it maintained and instead imagining a natural evolution of the regime toward democracy. In this sense, appealing to time while forgetting the stubborn persistence of the parents —its fascist matrix— blurs the history of Francoism and ultimately yields an overly complacent interpretation of the regime’s development.
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